Contents: General material Standard monitors ECG Non-invasive Blood Pressure Invasive Pressure Monitoring Gas Analysis Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Pulse Oximetry Specialized monitors EEG (including BIS) Transoesophageal Echocardiography Oesophageal Doppler Monitoring Standards of Practice Manufacturers of equipment General material Excellent general overviews of basic monitoring, albeit from a veterinary perspective: Oklahoma State University College of Veterinary Medicine Yale Animal Resources Center The Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing has an on-line presence. The University of Queensland undergraduate course material on anaesthetic monitoring includes basic information on standard monitors. The ASA Closed Claims Project has produced a number of publications on the role of physiologic monitoring in anaesthesia mishaps. My own notes on measurement in anaesthesia include material pertinent to monitoring Other brief summaries can be found at: Walter Reed Army Medical Center Standard monitors Some material on specific monitors is contained on sites covering monitoring in general listed above ECG: Most ECG-related material is focussed on 12-lead ECG and applications in cardiology rather than patient monitoring. New York University hosts an animated tutorial of ECG fundamentals. The ECG Learning Center in Cyberspace has detailed material on ECG interpretation. A detailed tutorial and library of 12-lead ECGs maintained by Dean Jenkins and Stephen Gerred. An arrhythmia diagnosis exercise is available at Critical Concepts. Other libraries of ECGs: McGill University (requires registration) University Medical Centre Ljubljana EMBBS Non-invasive Blood Pressure: An outline of methods of NIBP measurement is available at Health Perfect. A detailed description of NIBP waveform analysis at Dynapulse. Invasive Pressure Monitoring: A detailed primer on pulmonary artery catheters and pressure measurement from Manbit Technologies. The ASA Closed Claims Project published data on central line complications in 1996. Gas Analysis: Dave Sainsbury's notes on CO2 monitoring Basic descriptions of Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy are available at Organic Chemistry OnLine Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: University of Sydney's anaesthesia notes include an excellent review. Life-Tech provide a text outline of PNS as well as streaming video Dave Sainsbury's notes on the neuromuscular junction and PNS Pulse Oximetry: The GASNet Guidebook on pulse oximetry The World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists Update in Anaesthesia journal includes an article on pulse oximetry. Dave Sainsbury's presentation on oxygen monitoring including pulse oximetry EMCert offers a "1 hour credit course in pulse oximetry". Specialized Monitors EEG: An excellent synopsis of intraoperative EEG from Educational Synopses in Anesthesiology. Extensive educational material and a handbook on BIS from Aspect. EEG analysis software from a group at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Transoesophageal Echocardiography: A detailed history of ultrasound development. A detailed primer with lots of QuickTime video is available at UCSF. A tutorial is available at GASNet. A library of still images and references from Manbit Technologies. Collections of images: GASNet (temporarily offline) Oesophageal Doppler Monitoring: Deltex Medical manufactures a probe and provides an outline of its function and operation. Standards of Practice Professional bodies in many countries outline guidelines or standards for intraoperative monitoring. American College of Veterinary Anesthesiology American Society of Anesthesiologists Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society (members only) Hong Kong College of Anaesthesiologists Manufacturers of Monitoring Equipment The total market for patient monitoring equipment was $15 billion in 2003. Detailed market research information (Powerpoint format) is available from Frost & Sullivan. The major anaesthesia monitoring manufacturers are: Philips Medical, incorporating Agilent from Hewlett Packard General Electric, incorporating Marquette, Datex-Ohmeda, Dinamap and SpaceLabs Dräger medical, a Dräger and Siemens company Datascope Other manufacturers include: Acuson: echocardiography Andros Technologies: gas analysis Arrow International: haemodynamic monitoring Aspect Medical Systems: BIS monitoring Beckton, Dickinson: haemodynamic monitoring Celtic Electromedical UK: pulse oximeters Clinical Dynamics manufacture calibrating devices for NIBP and pulse oxmetry. Colin Medical Instruments Criticare Systems Critikon, now a division of GE: make "DINAMAP" Datascope Deltex Medical: oesophageal doppler monitors Dräger Generra Medical Invivo Research, including details on monitoring in the MRI Keller Medical Life-Tech: nerve stimulators Masimo: pulse oximeters Narcotrend: EEG monitoring Nihon Kohden Nonin: portable oximeters and capnographs Novametrix Palco Labs: pulse oximeters Protocol Systems: transport and fixed monitors Smiths Medical Square One Technology: gas analysis Vasotrac: non-invasive arterial monitoring Walter Graphtek: EEG monitors You are visitor number since 20 June 2000. This page is one chapter of many in the Virtual Anaesthesia Textbook. Please direct all comments about the organisation of this chapter, corrections to links, and suggestions for additions to: James Mitchell St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Australia.   Updated: 26 June 2005 Questions about the Virtual Anaesthesia Textbook project itself should be e-mailed to Chris Thompson.